Introduction to Database Systems, File System Vs DBMS, Advantages of DBMS, Structure of DBMS, Levels of Data Abstraction (Data Independence), Database Users and Administrators, Different Data Models. E-R Model: Overview of Database Design, Entities, Attributes, and Entity Sets, Relationships and Relationship Sets, Additional Features of the ER Model
Introduction to the Relational Model, Relational model constraints over relations. Relational Algebra and calculus
SQL Queries: The Form of Basic SQL Query, Union, Intersect and Except-Nested Queries Aggregative Operators- Group By and Having Clauses-Null Values-Outer Joins. Schema Refinement (Normalization): Purpose of Normalization or schema refinement, concept of functional dependency, normal forms based on functional dependency(1NF, 2NF and 3 NF), concept of surrogate key, Boyce-Codd normal form(BCNF), Lossless join and 98 dependency preserving decomposition, Fourth normal form(4NF),De-normalization.
UNIT-IV Overview of Storage and Indexing: Data on External Storage – File Organization and Indexing – Cluster Indexes, Primary and Secondary Indexes – Index data Structures – Hash Based Indexing – Tree base Indexing.
Query processing, Transaction Management, Concurrency Control and Crash recovery Transactions: Acid Properties of Transaction - Transaction States - Schedule: Serial Schedule Concurrent Schedules - Anomalies Associated With Concurrent Schedules (RW WR - and WW Conflicts) -Serializability – Conflict Serializability - and View Serializability. Introduction to Lock Management-Lock Based Concurrency Control: 2pl Strict 2pl Concurrency without Locking, Timestamp–Based Concurrency Control – Optimistic Concurrency Control. Introduction to ARIES - The Log - The Write-Ahead Log Protocol Check Pointing.